ckd
CKD
CKD is classified according to estimated GFR (eGFR) and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR). NICE CKD guidelines
Main causes:
- diabetes - 45%
- HTN - 25%
- immune/inherited - 15%
- other -15%
Symptoms
- usually asymptomatic
- end-stage manifestations will include:
- chest pain - pericarditis
- confusion, delirium - encephalopathy
- peripheral neuropathy
- GI symptoms - anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
- skin symptoms - dryness, pruritis, ecchymosis
- fatigue, somnolence
Signs
- usually only signs of complications or underlying cause
- depression in 50% who require dialysis
Tests
- electrolytes, FBC, clotting, bone profile, urinalysis
- serum and urine protein electrophoresis
- ANA and double stranded DNA for SLE
- complement levels, ANCA and P-ANCA, anti-GBM antibodies
- Hep B, C, HIV and VDRL
- USS, CT scan, MRI, renal biopsy
Management
- aggressive Mx of HTN - ACEi, ARB
- SGLT2 inhibitor - dapagliflozin
- aggressive Mx of diabetes
- Mx of PO4, Ca++, PTH
goals for BP in adults with CKD
*ACR <70 mg/mmol: sBP<140mmHg (120-139mmHg),dBP< 90 mmHg.
*ACR ≥70 mg/mmol: sBP<130mmHg (120-129mmHg),dBP<80 mmHg.
*ACR ≥70 mg/mmol: sBP<130mmHg (120-129mmHg),dBP<80 mmHg.
- Do not offer a combination of renin–angiotensin system antagonists to adults with CKD.
- Measure se K+ and estimate the GFR before starting renin–angiotensin system antagonists in people with CKD.
- Repeat bloods: 1-2/52 after starting renin–angiotensin system antagonists and after each dose increase.
- Do not routinely offer a renin–angiotensin system antagonist if pretreatment K+>5.0mmol/L and stop if >6
- calcium acetate - for CKD stage 4, 5 and hyperphosphataemia
- sevelamer carbonate - if calcium acetate is not indicated (eg. if hypercalcaemia or low parathyroid hormone)
When to Admit
- rapid change in renal function on blood results
- rapid change in fluid balance
- uncontrolled HTN or diabetes
GFR category | GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | Terms |
---|---|---|
G1 | ≤90 | Normal or high |
G2 | 60–89 | Mildly decreased* |
G3a | 45–59 | Mildly to moderately decreased |
G3b | 30–44 | Moderately to severely decreased |
G4 | 15–29 | Severely decreased |
G5 | <15 | Kidney failure |
Albuminuria categories in CKD | |||
---|---|---|---|
AER | ACR (approx equiv) | Terms | |
Category | (mg/24 hours) | (mg/mmol) | |
A1 | <30 | <3 | Normal to mildly increased |
A2 | 30-300 | 3-30 | Moderately increased |
A3 | >300 | >30 | Severely increased |
Author: Dr Dylan Jenkins, Oct 2023
Ref: renal urology news - volume Mx
Ref: renal urology news - volume Mx