hypokalaemia
Hypokalaemia
Definitions
- Mild 3.1 – 3.5 mmol/L
- Moderate 2.5 – 3.0 mmol/L
- Severe <2.5 mmol/L
Causes
- Gastrointestinal loss of potassium:
- Diarrhoea, vomiting
- Laxative use
- Increased renal loss of potassium:
- Diuretic treatment
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Mineralocorticoid excess
- Exogenous mineralocorticoid excess (eg. steroids, liquorice, RTA type I,II)
- Increased urine flow (osmotic diuresis)
- Drugs:
- Loop or thiazide diuretics
- Laxatives
- Insulin
- Steroids
- Beta-agonists (e.g. salbutamol)
- Xanthines (e.g. theophylline)
Symptoms
- Often asymptomatic
- Symptoms include:
- Muscle cramps/pain with rhabdomyolysis
- Weakness and fatigue
- Palpitation and syncope
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Delirium / hallucinations
Tests
- Bloods: U&E and Magnesium
- If clinical concerns: TFTs
- If muscle pains: CK
- ECG if available and potassium <3mmol/L
Management
Identify and treat the underlying cause- Magnesium
- Hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia commonly co-exist.
- Rx of hypokalaemia unlikely to be successful without the correction of hypomagnesaemia
- Oral potassium supplements*
- Oral supplementation is well absorbed, but large doses limited by nausea and vomiting
- Mild: Sando-K (12mmol each) – 1 tablet three times a day
- Moderate: sando-K 2 tablets three times a day
- Prescribe for a max of 3 days then review
- Other K+ supplements only after discussion with renal
Provide advice on potassium rich foods e.g bananas, apricots, dark chocolate
For longer term management of recurrent hypokalaemia discuss with medical team
When to admit
- Severe hypokalaemia (<2.5mmol/L)
- Failure to improve on oral supplements
- Consider if appropriate to attend SDEC for IV replacement if needed
- Any other clinical concerns
Author: Dr Chris Bell, Feb 2023