hyponatraemia
Hyponatraemia
Definition
Sodium<135mmol/LCause
- Many medications: commonly: thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics, SSRI's (esp citalopram), anti-psychotics and many, many others. Hyponatraemia does not always start on commencement of that med.
- respiratory pathology: pneumonia, active TB, abscess, neoplasm, or asthma
- CNS pathology: infection, trauma, or neoplasm.
- Various carcinomas: nasopharynx, duodenum, stomach, pancreas, ureter, prostate, or uterus
- hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency
- Sodium losses: diarrhoea and sweating
- In setting of hypervolaemia:
- Urinary Na+ >20
- Renal failure
- Urinary Na+ <20
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Cirrhosis
- CHF
Symptoms
- Mild or absent
- often neurological if very low (esp <115)
- headache
- confusion
- lethargy, irritability
- seizures
Signs
- Delirium, altered consciousness
- Fluid status assessment:
- Are they dehydrated? (dry mucous membranes, reduced skin turgor, low BP/tachycardia, postural hypotension)
- Evidence of fluid overload? (Oedema, chest crackles, ascites, elevated JVP)
Diagnostics
- U&E, TFTs if appropriate, serum osmolality, urinary sodium/osmolality
Management
- treat underlying cause (check Glu and correct) - excessive water intake, stop relevant medications
- water restriction
- diuresis
- beware overly rapid correction - aim for 5mmol/day to avoid Central Pontine Myelinolysis
When to admit
- Symptoms likely to be attributable to hyponatraemia (nausea, confusion, headache) arrange assessment in the ED
- Hyponatraemia of rapid onset >10mmol/L within 48/24
- hyponatraemia and signs of hypovolaemia
Author: Dr Chris Bell, Feb 2023